Universal and local, Iraqi and Turkish at the same time, the Turkoman poets were willing to serve their nation yet unwilling to neglect their culture and their Turkishness. For example, there is a significant community living in Iraq's capital city of Baghdad. [1] The minority mainly reside in northern and central Iraq and share close cultural and linguistic ties with Turkey, particularly the Anatolian region. [3] The term incorporates the Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman homelands running from Iraq's border with Turkey and Syria and diagonally down the country to the border with Iran. [92], In 2004 the Türkmeneli TV channel was launched in Kirkuk, Iraq. [140][141], In the December 2005 elections, between five and seven Turkmen candidates were elected to the Council of Representatives. The Iraqi Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq. Turkmen sources note that Turcomania – an Anglicized version of "Turkmeneli" – appears on a map of the region published by William Guthrie in 1785, but there is no clear reference to Turkmeneli until the end of the twentieth century. [123] Therefore, the Iraqi Turkmen living in the region of Kirkuk posed a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as they did not support the ascendancy of King Faisal I to the throne. No: Rep.9-E0509. Most estimates are around 3,000,000–3,500,000 or 10–13% of the Iraqi population. As a result, Iraqi Turkmen syntax differs sharply from Irano-Turkic. [49][50] The dialects possess their own unique characteristics, but have also been influenced by the historical standards of Ottoman Turkish (which was the official language of administration and lingua franca in Iraq between 1534 and 1920[51]) and neighboring Azerbaijani Turkic. [18] Large scale migration of the Turkmen in Iraq occurred in 1055 with the invasion of Sultan Tuğrul Bey, the second ruler of the Seljuk dynasty, who intended to repair the holy road to Mecca. The majority of the Iraqi Turkmen community adhere to Islam and are divided into two sectors: Sunni (about 60%) and Shiite (about 40%). The blue area is the Turkmen enclave at Amerli. The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turcomans, Turkomen, and Iraqi Turkman) (Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri/Irak Türkleri) are an ethnic group who mainly reside in northern Iraq. [5] For example, one controversial proposal to set up Turkmeneli as a Turkmen/Turkoman autonomous region included the areas northwest of Iraq, from Tal Afar in Nineveh Governorate, through Kirkuk Governorate and Tuz Khurmatu District in Saladin Governorate in north-central Iraq, to Mandali in the Diyala Governorate in the northeast of Baghdad. Syrian Civil War Map – Live Middle East Map / Map of the Syrian Civil War. [81] In addition, diglossia in Iraq Turkmen dialects and Istanbul Turkish has become a widespread phenomenon. Iraq: Official name Republic of Iraq Status Independent country since 1932 Location Middle East Capital بغداد (Baghdad) Population 38,124,182 inhabitants Area 438,317 km² Major languages Arabic, Kurdish (both official), Assyrian and Turkmen Major religions Islam More information [56] Article 6 of the Act permitted the language of education to be determined by the native language of the majority of students, whilst Article 2 and Article 4 gave Iraqi citizens the right to have court hearings and decisions verbally translated into Arabic, Kurdish, or Turkish in all cases. An aspect of the misfortune to which Kerkuk region is exposed: Satellite Maps of 2002 is compared with maps of 2007 . The government of Turkey has helped fund such political organizations as the Iraqi Turkmen Front, which opposes Iraqi federalism and in particular the proposed annexation of Kirkuk to the Kurdistan Regional Government. The third, and largest, wave of Turkmen migration to Iraq arose during the four centuries of Ottoman rule (1535–1919). Turkish intelligence in Iraq receives a significant level of support from Iraq’s Turkmen population, which numbers around 2.2 million and claims to be the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq (after the Arabs and Kurds). [51] Indeed, Turkish has remained a prestige language among Iraqi Turkmen, exerting a profound historical influence on their dialect. [53], In general, the Iraqi Turkmen dialects of Tal Afar (approx 700,000 speakers),[84] Altun Kupri, Tuz Khurmatu, Taza Khurmatu, Kifri, Bashir and Amirli show unity with the Eastern Anatolian dialect of Urfa;[79][77] meanwhile, the dialects in Kirkuk, Erbil, Dohuk, Mandali and Khanaqin show similarities with Tehrani and Afshar Turkic dialects. [113], The Iraqi Turkmen generally consider several major cities, and small districts associated with these cities, as part of Turkmeneli. [96][109] Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield describe the Turkmeneli region as follows: ...what Turkmens refer to as Turkmeneli – a vast swath of territory running from Iraq's border with Turkey and Syria and diagonally down the country to the border with Iran. [33] With loyal Turkmen inhabiting the area, the Ottomans were able to maintain a safe route through to the southern provinces of Mesopotamia. This page was last edited on 13 March 2021, at 15:53. [137] In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. [93], The Iraqi Turkmen are predominantly Muslims. [145], Flag used by Iraqi Turkmen and officially by, Turkmen–Kurdish tension and Kurdification, harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFTaylor2004 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStansfield2007 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFFattahCaso2009 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJohanson2001 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFShanks2016 (. Another 1,200 Turkmen women and children are still being kept as hostages. [35] Once the new governor was appointed, the town was to be composed of 1,000 foot soldiers and another 1,000 cavalry. [2] Past censuses and controversies An Iraqi Turkmen in Kirkuk.. According to the Iraqi Ministry of Planning, in 2013, the Iraqi Turkmen population numbered 3 million out of Iraq's 34.7 million inhabitants. [143], Tensions between the two groups over Kirkuk, however, have slowly died out and on January 30, 2006, the President of Iraq, Jalal Talabani, said that the "Kurds are working on a plan to give Iraqi Turkmen autonomy in areas where they are a majority in the new constitution they're drafting for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. [20], Today, the Iraqi Turkmen form the third largest ethnic group in Iraq,[21][22][1] after the Arabs and Kurds. [40] The Iraqi Turkmen made their participation in the electoral process conditional that the preservation of the Turkish character in Kirkuk's administration and the recognition of Turkish as the liwa's official language. Iraqi Turkmen Human Rights Research Foundation . [28][19] After defeating the Safavids on December 31, 1534, Suleiman entered Baghdad and set about reconstructing the physical infrastructure in the province and ordered the construction of a dam in Karbala and major water projects in and around the city's countryside. [23], Prior to the mid-20th century the Turkmen in Iraq were known simply as "Turks". They live to a large degree in north Iraq and have close relations with Turkey. Date: May 05, 2009. History of Kurds conflict. Iraqi Turkmens and Muhacir. [122] Thus, they have suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and ethnic cleansing. [39][126] With the appointment of Maarouf Barzinji, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following the 14 July revolution celebrations, with animosity in the city polarizing rapidly between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. [126], Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. Iraqi Turkmen Human Rights Research Foundation . [55][82] Most Iraqi Turkmen can also speak Arabic and/or Kurdish. [137] In March 2000, the Human Rights Watch reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties. [18][19][3] Despite the popular reference to the Turks of Iraq as "Turkmen", they are not directly related to the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan and do not identify as such. "[144] However, it never happened and the policies of Kurdification by KDP and PUK after 2003 (with non-Kurds being pressed to move) have prompted serious inter-ethnic problems. ISTANBUL: A map posted by the official Twitter account of the Turkish Presidency drew an angry reaction from Baghdad because it showed a divided Iraq. Posted by 1 day ago. Google maps, detailed facts of Iraq, (ISO: IQ) and the capital city, Baghdad.This page enables you to explore Iraq and its land boundaries in total: 3,809 km. [51] In addition, the Erbil dialect shows similarities with Turkish dialects stretching from Kosovo to Rize, Erzurum and Malatya. Egypt in Africa also borders the Mediterranean and is sometimes considered as part of the Middle East, while Turkey and Cyprus literall… HEWLÊR-Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan region,— Turkey’s ministry of foreign affairs on Wednesday has slammed the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) over its plans to print commemorative stamps marking the papal visit with a map of greater Kurdistan calling on Kurdish authorities to correct the “grave” mistake.. A bus drives Tabriz-Erzurum once a week (100 lira, 12 hours). But Iraqi Turkmen observe certain cultural traditions evinced by the larger society. 'Land of the Turkmens') is a political term used to define the vast swath of territory in which the Iraqi Turkmens historically have had a dominant population. The Turks in Iraq are also called Iraqi Turkmen. [4][5] According to Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield, the Turkmen/Turkoman note that the term "Turcomania" – an Anglicized version of "Turkmeneli" – appears on a map of the region published by William Guthrie in 1785, however, there is no clear reference to Turkmeneli until the end of the twentieth century. Fr… Iran is a very rugged country of plateaus and mountains with most of the land being above 1,500 feet (460 m). [127] Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the Fourth Brigade of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses. 1979. harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBayatlı1996 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFOğuzlu2004 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2008 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJenkins2008 (. Welcome to Syrian Civil War Map! The formation of the Kurdistan Region in 1991 created high animosity between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in some Iraqi Turkmen being victims of Kurdification, according to the Liam Anderson. [91], The current prevalence of satellite television and media exposure from Turkey may have led to the standardisation of Turkmeni towards Turkish, and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the Turkish culture. "[90], Parental literacy rates in Turkish are low, as most are more familiar with the Arabic script (due to the Ba'athist regime). There are many established Iraqi Turkmen diaspora communities, such as the Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association, based in Canada. Posted by 2 days ago. Check obilet.com or biletall.com. The Iraqi Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq. Map. Iraq - Iraq - The Turkmen (1410–1508): In the 15th century two Turkmen tribal confederations vied for control of Iraq. An aspect of the misfortune to which Kerkuk region is exposed: Satellite Maps of 2002 is compared with maps of 2007 . Thus, most of today's Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. report. Therefore it should not be surprising that after Abdul Karim Kassem launched his successful revolution in 1958 – killing 23-year-old King Faisal II, expelling the British and declaring Iraq a republic – that a different set of numbers was published. [59] Religion. [103] Scott Taylor has described the political nature of the results thusly: According to the 1957 census conducted by King Faisal II – a monarch supported by the British – there were only 136,800 Turkmen in all of Iraq. Note: several alternative spellings are recognised by English dictionaries ... Turkmen (plural Turkmen, Turkmens) Turkoman (plural Turkomans) Turcoman (plural Turcomans) Introduction The Turkomans of Iraq originally came from central Asia, in a migration that took place over several hundred years, beginning in the 7th century AD. [137], According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. This included one candidate from the ITF (its leader Saadeddin Arkej), two or four from the United Iraqi Alliance, one from the Iraqi Accord Front and one from the Kurdistani Alliance. [137] The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. [32] In 1534, under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, Mosul was sufficiently secure within the Ottoman Empire and became the chief province (eyalet) responsible for all other administrative districts in the region. The Turkmen of Iraq are preparing for change in their country. This map shows a combination of political and physical features. The second wave of Turkmen to descend on Iraq were the Turks of the Great Seljuq Empire. [135], The Kurds claimed de facto sovereignty over land that Iraqi Turkmen regards as theirs. As a result of its arid climate, the Middle East is home to several of the world’s largest deserts. Despite being recognized in the 1925 constitution as a constitutive entity, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status; hence, cultural rights were gradually taken away and activists were sent to exile. [127], Over 135 Turkmen civilians were killed on 28 March 1991 during the Gulf War by Iraqi forces, in the Turkmen town of Altun Kupri. Once the Ottoman empire retook Iraq in 1640 the Turkish varieties of Iraq continued to be influenced by Ottoman Turkish, as well as other languages in the region, such as Arabic and Kurdish. [1][2] Most Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq from Anatolia during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Turkmeneli, also known as Turkmenland,[1] and historically as Turcomania,[2] (Turkish: Türkmeneli, lit. Jun 20, 2014 ERBIL, Iraq – The turmoil in Iraq has left the Turkmen community squeezed. share. [115] The once mainly Turkoman cities of the Diyala Province and Kifri have been heavily Kurdified and Arabized. Iraqi Turkmen speak a Turkish dialect and are heavily concentrated in … [9] The major cities claimed to be a part of their homeland include: Altun Kupri, Badra, Bakuba, Diala, Erbil, Khanaqin, Kifri, Kirkuk, Kizilribat, Mendeli, Mosul, Salahaldeen, Sancar, Tal Afar, and Tuz Khurmatu. This website contains a live and interactive map of the Syrian Civil War and Iraqi War. [90] [91] According to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning the Iraqi Turkmen have a population of about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million (approximately 9% of the country's population). [77] Yet, the Kirkuk dialect also shows comparable features with Urfa,[78][69] and 21.4% of Kirkuk province's population had self-declared their mother tongue as "Turkish" in the last census which asked about language. "[10], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}35°12′04″N 43°57′54″E / 35.201°N 43.965°E / 35.201; 43.965, "Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province", Iraqi Turkmen to propose "special status" for Kirkuk, Iraq meeting tackles Turkmens' future in post-Daesh era, Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction, 1956–1989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks, Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations, Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmeneli&oldid=1007120923, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 February 2021, at 15:39. [26] They arrived in 674 with the Umayyud conquest of Basra. The first of these was the Kara Koyunlu, which since about 1375 had ruled the area from Mosul to Erzurum in eastern Anatolia as supporters of the Jalāyirids.